美国史上最疯狂的县

位于美国第九大城市 Dallas (达拉斯)东边60公里,属于德州。该县面积约2200平方公里,相当于两个香港。在接下来的五六年里,大力主张德州共和国并入美利坚共和国的事。双方最后成功签署了合并协议,德州成为美国的一个州,主要依赖于这位 Isaac 的功劳。

美国史上最疯狂的县:

Van Zandt County (范赞德县)

位于美国第九大城市 Dallas (达拉斯)东边60公里,属于德州(Texas)。该县面积约2200平方公里,相当于两个香港。

大致背景:

1810-1821年,墨西哥独立战争,墨西哥共和国逃脱了西班牙帝国的控制,获得独立。

1835-1836年,德州独立战争,德克萨斯共和国(Republic of Texas)又从墨西哥独立。

1840年,有一位美国荷兰裔叫 Isaac Van Zandt,年龄才27岁,成为德州共和国驻华盛顿的Ambassador(大使)。在接下来的五六年里,大力主张德州共和国并入美利坚共和国的事。双方最后成功签署了合并协议,德州成为美国的一个州,主要依赖于这位 Isaac 的功劳。

1847年10月,34岁的 Isaac 回德州,正在竞选州长,突然病逝(黄热病)。

1848年,为了纪念 Isaac Van Zandt;州政府把新的县划分出来了,并给予 “Van Zandt County”这个县名。

接下来就神奇了:

直到现在,一般叫做 “The Free State of Van Zandt” (范赞德自由国)。而不是 “Van Zandt County” (范赞德县)。

美国没有其他县区会这样自称,为何?

当年主要由两个典故:

1)立县时,原来属于 Henderson County(亨德森县)。亨德森县政府已经花钱多年,积累了不少债务。人口及税收瞬间减半了,但是新立的范赞德县一点都不用承担这些。关键是州政府没考虑到这一点,所以是一种法律事故。因此,范赞德县一边享受着隔壁之前大力投资的利益,一边掌握毫无负担”重新开始“的好机会。与德州各县不同,所以在别人眼里算是比较”自由“的。

Henderson County had been deeply in debt, yet the new Van Zandt County was founded without any obligations.[6] Many believed that this was a mistake on the state’s part,[7] and bitter citizens and politicians from Henderson County referred to the new county as the Free State.[8]

2)范赞德没有奴隶制。大概是整个德州(甚至整个南方)唯一没有奴主农场的地带。他们跟黑人(还有本地印第安人)都相处得相对不错。还很难容忍南方其他奴主。人家都不敢带自己奴隶穿过这个范赞德县,有点害怕了。所以老早也有这方面”自由“的美誉和自我骄傲。

“Slave owners along the borders at once set about looking out for places of safety for their property. Many slaves were brought to Texas during that contest. For that purpose the owner of a large number of slaves sent a slave driver to Texas to look out a place of refuge for his slaves. This man came by steamboat to Jefferson … stopping at the Bivins hotel, the principal hotel in the town. Editor Johnson of the Times heard that a slave driver had blown into town, called upon him at his hotel, and in the run of conversation make bold to ask him if he thought he would bring his slaves to Van Zandt county …. no came the reply, I had as soon think of taking them to a free state. I came all the way from Quitman here and never so much as saw a slave. At that time very few people living in Van Zandt county owned slaves, and as misery loves company, the slave driver felt lonesome in Van Zandt county. Editor Johnson, commenting upon this in a short paragraph said: “Van Zandt county had been free territory since it had been created, and now it had been admitted as a free state.”

https://youtu.be/QLr-cqKa4ok – 油管有些介绍

”范赞德自由国“并不是什么浪得虚名。他们也差点真做到了。

1861年,美国内战爆发。德州参入了南方联邦势力(Confederacy)。范赞德县的人民马上就不爽了。当地八大家族游行,然后组织起来了自己的独立政府,反抗联邦政府责任。强调不参与提供粮食金银、提供兵马武器。

Van Zandt 政府的19位代表

这不是唯一南部联邦内部造反的例子。还有很多。Virginia 弗吉尼亚州的西部人民也同样做,然而被北方联合承认为新的州(就是现在的西弗吉尼亚州)。Missisippi州也有一个县这样做,但是比较失败。德州和Mississippi离北方太远了,确实难以支援过去。

范赞德人慢慢等了五年,也没谁怎么弄他们(太小了;当时人口还不到一万户)。等到内战快结束了,事情就变得更复杂了。他们正式宣布独立。不仅从德州独立,也从美国彻底独立。(还真写了自己的 constitution,据说炒了美国的)

美国怎么办呢?

1867年,南方已经投降了。范赞德人还在安静管着自己小国家。北方大元帅 General Sheridan,还在平定 Louisiana(德州东边)。

Sheridan 听说范赞德独立这件事,然后顺便派了一营骑兵去处理。

可是人家享受独立的日子已经好几年了,也早就准备了自己的300人小军营。骑兵过去要好几百公里,最起码两个礼拜。所以范赞德有非常充足的准备时间。

结果:美军的骑兵居然输了,被击退。一方面是低估了范赞德的决心和兵力,一方面是森林等地形不熟,或者不适合骑兵。

袭击美军成功之后,大家都幻想自己已经赢定了,回县城狂欢喝酒。

喝到了第三天早上,醉醉乱乱的,他们被熟练有纪律的北方美军围绕袭击。持枪的士兵们全都被带去森林里面坐牢。接下来的事情就有很多记载:

But they imbibed the current standard of liquor to excess. In the height of their celebration Sheridan’s troops came riding from every point of the compass and captured the entire army of the Free State. Federal soldiers proceeded to build a prison by setting upright in the ground, long and large logs encircling a few acres of ground in or near the present site of Canton, Texas. Each prisoner, bereft of his weapons, had a pair of anklets safely locked on him. Guards were put on duty around the prison, but the Free State were model prisoners, somewhat enjoying the food.

(主要是美军临时建了这种比较粗暴的木头监狱,好几亩的规模)

W. A. Allen, who had been captured and held a prisoner of war, had the habit of wearing a knife in his boot and this was not discovered. As time went on the nights were occupied with using that knife, which had been made into a file, to wear the anklets down to the point where they could broken by hand. In time the rainy season set in, and the clay in which the post were set became soft. The guards had been reduced to one, who walked around the several acres in which they were imprisoned. The boys began throwing their bodies against two or three of the posts, and finally were able to lift them out and escape.

(有一位士兵,鞋子里面藏刀,每天夜里渐渐辛苦地把大家脚链抹掉解开。乖乖终于等到了下雨季节,监狱卫兵只剩一个;他们逃跑成功)

(更多故事在 Luke and the Van Zandt County War 这本书)

反正后来,范赞德军队成员都很快散走了。有的靠拢印第安人一起躲避,也有的逃到了周围其他州城换了身份。很多年以后,部分回到了老家,然后已经没有“独立”的声音,也没人追踪。

当初带领独立运动的政府人员之一,原来也姓Allen,改姓到Oklahoma州学医去了,20年后回来把这些故事写下来了。另外一个主要source来自一位士兵的印第安混血女儿的口述。

这些都属于美国内部“独立县”唯一没被彻底忘掉洗掉的故事。本来想写入那个”迷你国家“、或”战争时期短暂神秘国家“的答案去,但是细节比较多,应该写这种比较全面的答案才对。

直到今天,部分范赞德后裔还很骄傲自己”自由国“的历史背景。所以这种自称独立的国旗等等只是闹着玩的而已。并不否认今天的自己实际上也是德州的一个县,照样交税。

(也有一小部分人认为Van Zandt的独立宣言从来没被正式注销的,确实是独立国家)

No document has ever been found to indicate that the actions leading to the formation of the Free State of Van Zandt were rescinded.

美国一位著名歌手,Steven Van Zandt,Isaac的孙子的孙子的孙子;谷歌搜Van Zandt都是他的照片。他爸爸 Townes Van Zandt 可能在音乐节还更名气

最后,随便讽刺一下范赞德的”Canton”首城。

这是“广州“的意思。(当时没有现代拼音,只能这样写;cantonese广东话也是这个来源)

美国很多19世纪城镇建立时都选用了世界各地著名城名。各种西欧复杂背景的人,他们很难决定用哪个欧洲城名,会吵起来的,所以拖鞋用东欧或亚洲的还很正常。美国还有三四个叫做Canton的城镇,Pekin(北京)之类的也不少。不一定跟中国人有关,当时确实有这个取名习俗。